Energy Climate Greenhouse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2497 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 2 Directives Legislation driving Energy Efficiency 2.1Introduction Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Energy Climate Greenhouse" essay for you Create order The debate is ongoing, but there is now overwhelming scientific evidence that mans activities are causing significant climate change. Climate change has the potential to affect all aspects of life on earth and will have major detrimental social, economic and environmental impacts. The best response to these challenging issues is to change. Change the way we think. Change the way we act. (Get source) 2.2Background to Directives for Climate Change The International climate change agenda containing the Directives and Legislation that drives for energy efficiency began in 1992 with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The objectives of the UNFCCC were to: stabilise the atmospheric greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climatic system, to be achieved in a time frame to ensure food production is not threatened and to enable economic development proceeds in a sustainable manner. The UNFCCC is the parent treaty of the Kyoto Protocol (1997) which was developed to implement the UNFCCC effectively and properly. (www.euroace.org/reports) Irelands relation to the Kyoto Protocol is outlined in the subsequent sub-chapter. In December 2007, the latest climate change conference took place in Bali, Indonesia and it included representatives of over 180 countries. The two week period included the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, as well as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. The Bali Roadmap was adopted from the conference which charts the course for a new negotiating process to be concluded by 2009 that will lead to a post 2012 international agreement on climate change. The next meeting of the parties to the climate change convention is scheduled to take place on December 2008 in Poland. After the Kyoto Protocol was established, Europe needed to take action to succeed in cutting its greenhouse gas emissions to 8% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012, as required by the Kyoto Protocol. This action was taken by launching the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) in June 2000 which was then ratified in October 2005. The main goal of the ECCP was to develop all of the necessary elements of an EU strategy to implement the Kyoto Protocol. From this European Climate Change Programme, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD 2003) was developed. This is explained in chapter 2.4 of this text. (www.euroace.org/reports) In order for Ireland to meet its Kyoto target of limiting the increase of greenhouse gas emissions to 13% above 1990 levels by 2008-2012, a National Climate Change Strategy was implemented. 2.3Ireland and the Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol was adopted to tackle the threat of climate change. It contains legally binding greenhouse gas emission targets for developed countries for the post 2000 period. The Protocol promises to move the international community one step closer to achieving the Conventions (UNFCCC) ultimate objective of preventing man-made interference with the climate system. As a first step towards tackling the threat of climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) required developed countries to put in place policies and measures with objectives of returning emissions of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by the end of the decade. However, in recognition of the need to take more substantial and urgent action, industrialised or developed countries committed to reduce their combined emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 5% compared to 1990 levels by the first commitment period 2008-2012. The protocol came into force on 16 February 2005. As of November 2007, 174 parties have ratified the protocol. Of these, 36 developed countries are required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the levels specified for each of them in the treaty. The EU has an overall reduction target of 8% below 1990 levels and has agreed a burden sharing agreement that recognises the different economic circumstances of each member state. Irelands target is to limit the increase in its greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol to 13% above 1990 levels by 2008-2012. To date Ireland has struggled to get on target and at this stage looks unlikely to meet the 13% figure. With the help of the National Climate Change Strategy and the Protocol flexible mechanisms, this target may yet be achieved. The National Climate Change Strategy 2007- 2012 provides the national policy framework for addressing greenhouse gas emission reductions and ensuring that Ireland meets its target for the purpose of the Kyoto Protocol. Ireland may achieve their individual targets through domestic actions and use of flexible mechanisms provided for in the Protocol. The Government has decided that it will use the Kyoto Protocol flexible mechanisms to purchase up to 3.607 million Kyoto Units in each year of the 2008-2012 period. (www.environ.ie) 2.3.1Kyoto Protocol Flexible Mechanisms / Emissions Trading An important part of the Kyoto Protocol was the introduction of three flexible mechanisms to reduce the costs of achieving emission reductions for the member states with emission reduction or limitation targets. The mechanisms enable Parties to purchase Kyoto Units from other Parties or to invest in cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions. While the cost of reducing emissions varies considerably between projects and between countries, the effect for the atmosphere of limiting emissions is the same no matter where the action occurs. The three mechanisms are outlined below: Joint Implementation (JI) This is provided for under Article 6 of the Protocol, and enables Parties with reduction commitments to implement projects that reduce emissions in other member states with reduction commitments, in return for credits. The tradable unit under the JI mechanism is an Emissions Reductions Unit (ERU). Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) This is provided for under Article 12 of the protocol and enables Parties with targets to participate in projects that reduce emissions in those Parties that do not have targets under the protocol. This mechanism is aimed at developing countries. Credits generated using the CDM mechanism can be used by the investing Party for compliance purposes. The tradable unit under the CDM mechanism is a Certified Emissions Reduction (CER). International Emissions Trading This is provided under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol and enables Parties or member states that have a greenhouse gas emissions limitation or reduction target under the Protocol to acquire Kyoto Units from those Parties that have reduced their emissions beyond their target under the Protocol. The tradable unit under emissions trading is an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU). The National Treasury Management Agency is the designated purchasing agent for Ireland and will administer and manage purchases of Kyoto Units on behalf of the Government. A dedicated Carbon Fund has been established for this purpose. All purchases will be made in accordance with the following objectives: That they contribute to the ultimate objective of the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change That risk is minimised, particularly in relation to the timely delivery of credits That they represent good value for money The National Treasury Management Agency will use the following mechanisms to purchase Kyoto Units: Direct purchase of Kyoto Units from other Kyoto Protocol member states Direct investment in joint implementation and clean development project activities Direct market purchases of Kyoto Units Any surplus Kyoto Units held by the State at the end of the 2008-2012 commitment period can be banked and used in a subsequent commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol or any successor treaty. (National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government) Below is a graph illustrating the total greenhouse gas emissions for all sectors of all the member states up to 2005. As we can see, Ireland is somewhat off reaching its Kyoto target. 2.4The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2.4.1Introduction Energy performance demands in the building sector within the EU range from rather demanding energy regulations and already established energy certification schemes in countries like Denmark and Germany, to the situation in countries like France and Spain with low regulation demands and without certification processes established at national level (Casal, 2006). EU legislation and policies, implemented through the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD), aim to provide a more uniform approach to implementing building energy saving measures and reaching Co2 emission goals. Each member state is required to translate and implement the policies and guidelines within the context of its legal and economic framework. The EPBD was enacted by the European Union in line with the Kyoto Protocol to: reduce European building energy consumption by 10 per cent by 2010 and 20 per cent by 2020; complete energy ratings of 2 million existing buildings by 2010; and cut Co2 emissions by 45 million tonnes by 2010 (Casal, 2006). The directive is the first move to target buildings specifically to reduce emissions and overall energy consumption in the construction sector. 2.4.2Overview of the EPBD The EPBD is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve particular results with respect to the energy performance of buildings. The directive 2002/91/EC (EPBD, 2003) of the European Parliament and Council on energy efficiency of buildings was adopted by member states and the European Parliament on 16th December 2002 and came into force on 4th January 2003. This directive is a very important legislative component of energy efficiency activities of the European Union designed to meet the Kyoto commitment. The directive concerns a large number of participants on all levels with different impacts and different motivations: designers, housing associations, architects, providers of building appliances, installation companies, building experts, owners, and tenants effectively all energy consumers in the European Union. It will greatly affect awareness of energy use in buildings, and is intended to lead to substantial increases in investments in energy efficiency measures within these buildings. The EPBD has created a great challenge for the transformation of the European building sector towards energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources. The 4th of January 2006 was the official deadline by which the 25 member states had to transpose the directive. 2.4.3Objectives and Requirements of EPBD The objective of the EPBD is to improve the energy performance of buildings within the community, taking into account outdoor climate conditions as well as indoor climate requirements and cost effectiveness. The directive lays down requirements regarding: The framework for a methodology of calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of large existing buildings that are subject to major renovation The energy performance certification of buildings The regular inspection of boilers, an assessment of the heating installation in which the boilers are more than 15 years old and an inspection of air conditioning systems in buildings The requirements for experts and inspectors for the certification of buildings, the drafting of the accompanying recommendations and the inspection of boilers and air conditioning systems. The requirements of each member state are set out in the EPBD under different articles. (EPBD, 2002) 2.4.4Summary of Articles 2.4.4.1Adoption of a methodology Each member state is required to have a method of calculating the energy performance of buildings. This calculation method can be set at a national or a regional level. This is an extract of the directive on article 3: Member States shall apply a methodology, at national or regional level, of calculation of the energy performance of buildings on the basis of the general framework set out in the Annex. Parts 1 and 2 of this framework shall be adapted to technical progress in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 14(2), taking into account standards or norms applied in member state legislation. This methodology shall be set at national or regional level. The energy performance of a building shall be expressed in a transparent manner and may include a CO2 emission indicator (EPBD, 2002) 2.4.4.2Setting of energy performance requirements These minimum requirements shall be reviewed every five years. Some categories of buildings may be exempted from the requirements. These include: Protected buildings and monuments Buildings used as places of worship Temporary buildings Residential buildings intended to be used for less than 4 months of the year Stand alone buildings with a total useful floor area of less than 50m 2.4.4.3 Setting of energy performance requirements for new buildings Each member state will set minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings. For large new buildings with a floor area of over 1000m member states should consider alternative energy systems before construction starts. These include: Decentralised energy supply systems based on renewable energy CHP (combined heat and power) District or block heating or cooling, if available Heat pumps, under certain conditions The consideration of the alternative energy systems should take technical, environmental and economic feasibility into account. 2.4.4.4 Setting of energy performance requirements for existing buildings Each member state will ensure that when buildings over 1000m undergo major renovation that their energy performance is upgraded to meet minimum requirements. The minimum standards may be applied to the whole building or limited to the renovated part. 2.4.4.5 Energy performance certificate Each member state must ensure that when a building is constructed that an energy performance certificate is made available to the owner. When a building is sold or rented out an energy performance certificate must be made available to the prospective buyer or tenant. The certificate is valid for 10 years. For buildings over 1000m occupied by public authorities, an energy certificate must be placed in a prominent place clearly visible to the public. 2.4.4.6 Independent experts Member States shall ensure that the certificate of buildings, the drafting of the accompanying recommendations and the inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems are carried out in an independent manner by qualified or accredited experts, whether operating as sole traders or employed by public or private enterprise bodies. (EPBD, 2002) Implementing EPBD in Ireland 2.5.1Building Control Act 2007 The Building Control Act provides for the legal transposition of the EUs Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) into Irish law. This will lead to energy efficiency becoming an important aspect of design concern for all buildings, both residential and non-residential. It is essential that the general public and companies involved in the industry understand the impact of the directive on residential and commercial property in Ireland. The Act requires that there will have to be mandatory building energy rating (BER) certificates for some buildings. This means that when a building is constructed, sold or rented out, the owner must provide a BER certificate to the prospective buyer or tenant. The BER will be accompanied by an advisory report setting out recommendations for cost-effective improvements to the energy performance of the building. This is further explained in chapter 3. The successful implementation of the directive will require that systems are in place to guarantee the day-to-day delivery of assessment and inspection services by qualified people in a way that is consistent, practical and cost efficient, and with acceptable response times that maintain levels of service in the construction and property markets. (www.lkshields.ie/htmdocs/publications/newsletters) www.sei.ie www.epbd.ie https://www.euroace.org/reports/CIBSE_EUBD.pdf Casal, X.G. (2006), Analysis of building energy regulation and certification in Europe: their role, limitations and differences, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 38 No.5, pp.381-92 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2002

High Correlation Between Aggression And Violence - 1376 Words

Studies square measure proving that violence in {early kidhood|infancy|babyhood|time of life} doesn t stop or maybe decrease because the child grows and matures. several oldsters believe aggressive behavior in early to mid-childhood is simply a part or it ll decrease because the kid matures, however this can be not the case. Longitudinal studies show that there s a high correlation between aggression and violence in early and middle childhood with violence in adolescence and into adulthood (Astor, 1995). Aggression is stable throughout a child’s development, very similar to the steadiness of IQ measures throughout a person’s development (Astor, 1995). Aggression in grammar school students is measured essentially by the amount of aggressive acts that the kid has performed and therefore the frequency of the acts, peer ratings (by asking students WHO they suppose is that the most aggressive student out of their category, second-most aggressive, etc.), and by asking academi cs to rate the child’s behavior against different youngsters constant age (Astor, 1995). Aggression has additionally been shown to be manifested otherwise in youngsters of various ages. as an example, in elementary school-age youngsters, violence is especially manifested in pushing, hitting, and gentle to extreme bullying. because the kid ages, their violence usually becomes additional physical and additional extreme (Astor, 1995). samples of additional extreme violent behavior embody assault, arson, andShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On Media Violence1461 Words   |  6 Pagesacross research suggest exposure to media violence positively correlates with subsequent violent behaviour In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. Scientific exploration of the effects of such exposure on real world violent behaviour carries potential ramifications for the safety of global communities. 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The Classless America Essay Example For Students

The Classless America Essay The myth of a classless American society coupled with social stratification impedes race relations in the U.S. far more than any racial differences. The never ending struggle of the have-nots to become one of the haves produces a frustration and feeling of oppression that acts as a catalyst for spawning racial tensions. Minorities see the majority of wealth in the hands of the white population and feel that the wealth is unevenly distributed. Whites hear of government programs for minorities and feel as if they are lazy or just looking for a handout. This occurs and stereotypes are formed. Combine all of this with the United States system of dual welfareand the perfect environment for racial strife is created. In our classlesssociety of false hope the working class and poor are continually seeking opportunities to excel that just arent there. They have been led to believe that intelligence and ambition are key contributors to ones success. This belief lays blame on the unsuccessful themselves, even if they do possess ambition and intelligence. These people are in a never ending cycle of struggle, followed by minimal rewards, which eventually produces a frustration that sometimes leads to desperate measures. Cornell West expands on this with the following statement : . . . homicidal assaults by young black men on one another are only the most obvious signs of this empty quest for pleasure, property, and power (Race and Racism p.123). This statement shows the extremes one will go to in his empty quest for a better life. This is not only happening to blacks by blacks. It is happening to all races by all races. People hear of events like these and categorize them as a racial crime or a raciall y motivated crime just because the victims may be of a different race. As Wests statement demonstrates the killings occur as a means to an end, the end being a better life. In our ever diversifying melting pot of a country, same race victim and criminal crimes are becoming less and less statistically likely anyway. Events such as these dont occur because of race. They occur because of the frustration and desperation bred by the false hope that hard work and determination leads to success. It is no mystery that most of the wealthy people in America are white. West again points out (Race and Racism p.124) that 86% of the wealth in the United States is owned by only 10% of the population. In this 10% the number of minorities is minute. The wealth owned by this few is there because they have kept it in their families throughout the generations. These are the same super-rich bloodlines as that of 150 years ago. These families were rich when no minorities (and hardly any whites for that matter) were. Almost everyone was working class or poor besides them. Minorities are aware of this uneven wealth distribution and this leads to resentment. Our government tries to compensate for this through special programs for minorities. When this occurs whatever groups are not receiving compensation see the other as lazy or as taking a handout. In turn this leads to resentment. Different groups begin stereotyping each other due to the resentment which evolved through unequal wealth distr ibution, which itself is a product of our classless system. So in turn stereotypes that Mexicans are lazy, African Americans steal, Whites cannot dance and White men have small penises, Jews are ultra- thrifty, Lesbians are men haters, Gay men all like antiques, and Asians are shrewd at business and all stick together, are in all probability (definitely) unfounded. .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff , .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .postImageUrl , .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff , .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:hover , .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:visited , .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:active { border:0!important; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:active , .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8695a6a4668d7b21b271cf9a24ed29ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Comparison Between ?Traveling through the dark? EssayDespite the fact that these stereotypes are unfounded, much of the resentment may not be. Here in the United States as much, if not more, money is spent on programs for the rich as is spent on programs for the poor. Donna Langston points this out with the following statement: We have a dual welfare system in this country whereby welfare for the rich in the form of tax- free capital gain, guaranteed loans, oil depletion allowances, etc., is not regarded as welfare (Race And Racism p.129). Here Langston compares the welfare of the poor (food stamps, w.i.c., medicaid, etc.) with the welfare of the rich (tax-free capital g ain, guaranteed loans, etc.). These few examples of welfare for the rich are just the tip of the iceberg. Before you come to any premature conclusions consider the following. The majority of corporations in the United States are owned by Whites. Each year these White owned corporations get $125 billion dollars in the from of corporate welfare. This is money that could be used on the less fortunate, who are mainly minorities, but instead it is funneled into primarily White owned corporations. People hear of this and once again assume that this is based on race, thereby making it a racial issue. Its not, it is a class issue. Billions and billions of dollars are spent each year on national defense for the United States. Who really benefits from this the most, the wealthy or the poor? Of course everyone benefits somewhat, but the rich benefit considerably more. If the United States was invaded and taken over by another country the decrease in the quality of living for the rich would be far greater than that of the poor. In all actuality the lifestyle change of the poor would probably be somewhat minimal. Consider the millions and millions of dollars that are spent each year on the United States Coast Guard (which is under the D.O.T.s budget, and not the national defense budget) and the waterways that it protects. How often is it that you see a yacht traveling on the U.S. waterways filled with poor people or minorities? How many poor people even own a boat? These waterways are mainly used by the United States White upperclass. And what about the tax dollars spent on police and fire protection? Of course these are necessities, but who benefits more? The rich have more material possessions that can be stolen or destroyed. And last but not least is our countries system of social security. Every race in the country pays the same percent of social security at about six percent. The only people exempt from this standard six percent is the green minority. Once a person reaches the income level of $60,000 or more they top out, thats as high as one can go. The higher the income above $60,000, the lower the percentage they pay. If someone makes 50 billion dollars a year they pay the same amount as someone making $60,000 a year, or roughly about $3,600. So theoretically, if you were to take a husband and wife that each make $30,000 a year, the combined amount that they pay in is equal to the amount that Bill Gates pays in. Theres something about this whole system that just doesnt seem proportionately correct. It seems like the percentage sacrificed should be the same across the board. All the examples I have given may seem like this paper is about the wealthy and the poor, and not about racial differences in the United States. If it does there is a reason for that. The upper class or super rich, whichever you want to call them, receive more benefits than the poor. The upper class is mainly white and the poor and working class are a mixture of all races. This gives the appearance that assistance is based on race, when its not. It is based on class. People see these events and make generalizations and this in turn leads to raci al tension. If steps are taken to make classless America a reality, then these racial tensions would ease. Unit 1 : Interlocking Axes of OppressionLangston, Donna. Class and Inequality. Race , Class, and Gender . 20 January 2000. .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba , .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .postImageUrl , .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba , .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:hover , .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:visited , .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:active { border:0!important; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:active , .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a2b0f42f8881386a1ce0578e2c428ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay About AbortionBelmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1998. West, Cornell. Race and Racism. Race, Class, And Gender . !9 January 2000. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1998. Bibliography:

The Wanderer and the Seafarer free essay sample

The Seafarer, and the Wanderer accurately reflect the values and ideals of Anglo-Saxon society by illustrating what happens when the chain of loyalty is broken, when a society is without a lord, and the conflict of Christianity and paganism. Out of the four values most important to the Anglo-Saxons, loyalty was the most important; when men are no longer loyal to their lord their society collapses. Loyalty formed the backbone of Anglo-Saxon society and was the only way in which law and order could be maintained and people protected. Loyalty was also the only way through which men acquired wealth and fame. When a mans oath of loyalty is broken, it is a betrayal to the highest value of the society. This is clearly illustrated in Beowulf. When Beowulf goes to fight the Dragon none of his chosen warriors will help him, except Wiglaf, A beaten warrior. None of his comrades Came to him, helped him, his brave and noble followers; they ran for their lives, fled Deep in a wood (746-749). We will write a custom essay sample on The Wanderer and the Seafarer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This contrasts starkly to the beginning of the epic where Beowulfs followers and eager to help him fight Grendel. The mens gradual loss of loyalty signifies their societys impending collapse. After Beowulfs death they bury the dragons great treasure with him. Although the Geats have a brave and noble leader in Wiglaf, he can no longer be confident in his mens loyalty, breaking the backbone of their society. The lord was the most important figure in Anglo-Saxon society. The lord gave rings, laws, and protection to his people. When a society is without its lord, nothing good is possible. As seen in the Seafarer and the Wanderer, when a man loses his lord he wanders around helplessly, doomed to a life of weary exile. The Wanderer sails looking for a new gold lord but, When friends are no more, his fortune is exile. 27). The Seafarer is in self exile to the seas as, The days are gone when the kingdoms of earth flourish in Glory: Now there are no rulers, no emperors, No givers as gold as once there were. (81-83). There are differences between the lives of the Seafarer and the Wanderer. The Wanderer seeks a new gold lord while the Seafarer chooses the harsh life of the sea over living in a land where society where, Those powers have vanished, those pleasures are dead. The weakest survives and the world continues. Kept spinning by its toil. All glory is tarnished. The worlds honor ages and shrinks. (86-89). The Wanderers weary search for a new lord reflects what happens to society as a whole when their lord dies. They are lost and troubled without a leader and his presence is fundamental to Anglo-Saxon society, without him they would be doomed to the life of the Wanderer. The constant conflict between the Pagan religions and Christianity is revealed throughout early Anglo-Saxon literature. In the Anglo-Saxon era, the only centers of the written word were the monasteries, thus the objectivity regarding religious matters was often tilted in Christianitys favor when Beowulf, the Seafarer, and the Wanderer were recorded. However, the underlying themes of Christianity against paganism can be seen in Beowulf. When the monster Grendel continues to attack and destroy Herot, there is one thing he cannot touch, Hrothgars throne which is protected by God. However, in their desperation Hrothgars men, sometimes they sacrificed to the old stone Gods, Made Heathen vows, hoping for Hells support, the Devils guidance in driving their affliction off. That was their way and the Heathens only hope. (90-94). This comparison of the Pagan religion to asking for Hells support suggests that Grendel was sent by God to punish the Danes for their heathenism. The Seafarer is a poem in which the objectivity has again been tilted in Christianitys favor by the monks of Anglo-Saxon England. Although the heart of the poem contains no references at all to God, the introduction and conclusion to the Poem contains hopeful images of God helping the wander as it says, Oft to the Wanderer, weary of exile, Cometh Gods pity, compassionate love(1-2). This hopeful, lighter mood contrasts starkly to the elegiac mood of the rest of the poem. This clearly shows some monks addition to the poem. The Seafarer is a much more about Christianity than the first two, and it mentions God several times throughout the poem, this most likely signifies it was written later than Beowulf or the Wanderer and symbolizes Christianitys eventual defeat of paganism in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon society was built upon the values of loyalty, led by their lords, and conflicted in religion. Loyalty was the single most important aspect of Anglo-Saxon society and the breakdown in mens loyalty would inevitably lead to the collapse of their society. The lord was the absolute leader of any Anglo-Saxon society, he gave law and order, rings, and protection to his followers, when he died a new leader must be found or society will break down, like the society of the Wanderer. The Anglo-Saxons were a pagan people and the conflict between their paganism and Christianity is an underlying theme in Beowulf and the Wanderer and reflects the religious turmoil of their society. Through the illustration of these values and conflicts Beowulf, the Wander, and the Seafarer accurately reflect Anglo-Saxon society

24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration

24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration You’re getting ready to plan your next campaign. You sit down to plot it out and wait for the spark of inspiration to hit you. Except it never comes. You’re drawing a blank and nothing you’re coming up with is striking the right chord. The truth is you’re just out of creative juice. We’ve all been there. This post and it’s downloadable social media campaign planning kit are going to break you out of your creative rut. Inside you’ll find 24 creative social media campaigns across a variety of social networks, industries, and business sizes. You’ll be able to see the different campaign types and see how you can replicate the success of other brands. 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your InspirationDownload Your Social Media Campaign Planning Kit Get inspired with this post. Then, execute your own campaigns easier with these templates, including: A campaign plan template that will allow you to lay out the entire plan for each of your social media campaigns. A campaign content template to write and store every message you plan to send. A social media calendar template  to record the dates you are going to publish your message on. All of which will make it easy for you and your social media team to make the most of your efforts, and eliminate the stress of planning and execution. Get inspired with 24 creative social media campaign examples (and three free templates to turn your...... Or Execute Your Own Social Campaigns With Ready to move on from templates? Plan, execute, and measure your social media marketing with . Using Social Campaigns, you can schedule entire campaigns across multiple networks in one place.Try it yourself free for 14 days, or schedule a demo and let our experts show you the ropes. Recommended Reading: How to Crush Social Media Campaign Planning Here Are The 24 Social Media Campaigns From Top Brands We'll Analyze The following is a list of 24 different brands we've featured. Jump to Brand: Wix Airbnb Blendtec State Bicycle Co Make-A-Wish Qdoba Deadpool Purdue Tweet Bra Eggo McDonald’s Charmin Sevenly RYU Disney Nintendo Anthropologie Applebees Honda TOKSTOK Kotex Krystons Honey Bunches of Oats Urban Decay Apple 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration You’re getting ready to plan your next campaign. You sit down to plot it out and wait for the spark of inspiration to hit you. Except it never comes. You’re drawing a blank and nothing you’re coming up with is striking the right chord. The truth is you’re just out of creative juice. We’ve all been there. This post and it’s downloadable social media campaign planning kit are going to break you out of your creative rut. Inside you’ll find 24 creative social media campaigns across a variety of social networks, industries, and business sizes. You’ll be able to see the different campaign types and see how you can replicate the success of other brands. 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your InspirationDownload Your Social Media Campaign Planning Kit Get inspired with this post. Then, execute your own campaigns easier with these templates, including: A campaign plan template that will allow you to lay out the entire plan for each of your social media campaigns. A campaign content template to write and store every message you plan to send. A social media calendar template  to record the dates you are going to publish your message on. All of which will make it easy for you and your social media team to make the most of your efforts, and eliminate the stress of planning and execution.Get inspired with 24 creative social media campaign examples (and three free templates to turn your...... Or Execute Your Own Social Campaigns With Ready to move on from templates? Plan, execute, and measure your social media marketing with . Using Social Campaigns, you can schedule entire campaigns across multiple networks in one place.Try it yourself free for 14 days, or schedule a demo and let our experts show you the ropes. Recommended Reading: How to Crush Social Media Campaign Planning Here Are The 24 Social Media Campaigns From Top Brands We'll Analyze The following is a list of 24 different brands we've featured. Jump to Brand: Wix Airbnb Blendtec State Bicycle Co Make-A-Wish Qdoba Deadpool Purdue Tweet Bra Eggo McDonald’s Charmin Sevenly RYU Disney Nintendo Anthropologie Applebees Honda TOKSTOK Kotex Krystons Honey Bunches of Oats Urban Decay Apple

The Schlieffen Plan and World War One

The Schlieffen Plan and World War One As the crisis which began World War One was developing from assassination, through calls of revenge round to paranoid imperial competition, Germany found itself facing the possibility of attacks from east and west at the same time. They had feared this for years, and their solution, which was soon put into action with German declarations of war against both France and Russia, was the Schlieffen Plan. Changing Heads of German Strategy In 1891, Count Alfred von Schlieffen became German Chief of Staff. He had succeeded the wholly successful General Hellmuth von Moltke, who together with Bismarck had won a series of short wars and created the new German Empire. Moltke feared a great European war might result if Russia and France allied against the new Germany, and decided to counter it by defending in the west against France, and attacking in the east to make small territorial gains from Russia. Bismarck aimed to prevent the international situation from ever reaching that point, by trying hard to keep France and Russia separated. However, Bismarck died, and Germanys diplomacy collapsed. Schlieffen was soon faced with the encirclement Germany feared when Russia and France allied, and he decided to draw up a new plan, one which would seek a decisive German victory on both fronts. The Schlieffen Plan The result was the Schlieffen Plan. This involved a rapid mobilization, and the bulk of the entire German army attacking through the western lowlands into northern France, where they would sweep round and attack Paris from behind its defences. France was assumed to be planning – and making – an attack into Alsace-Lorraine (which was accurate), and prone to surrendering if Paris fell (possibly not accurate). This entire operation was expected to take six weeks, at which point the war in the west would be won and Germany would then use its advanced railway system to move its army back to the east to meet the slowly mobilizing Russians. Russia could not be knocked out first, because their army could withdraw for miles deep into Russia if necessary. Despite this being a gamble of the highest order, it was the only real plan Germany had. It was fed by the vast paranoia in Germany that there had to be a reckoning between the German and Russian empires, a battle which should t ake place sooner, while Russia was relatively weak, and not later, when Russia might have modern railways, guns and more troops. There was, however, one major problem. The ‘plan’ was not operational, and wasn’t even really a plan, more a memorandum briefly describing a vague concept. Indeed, Schlieffen may even have written it just to persuade the government to increase the army, rather than believing it would ever be used. As a result their were problems: the plan required munitions in excess of what the German army had at that point, although they were developed in time for the war. It also required more troops on hand to attack than could be moved through the roads and railways of France. This problem was not solved, and the plan sat there, seemingly ready to use in the event of the great crisis people were expecting. Moltke Modifies the Plan Moltke’s nephew, also von Moltke, took over Schlieffen’s role in the early twentieth century. He wanted to be as great as his uncle, but was held back by not being anywhere near as skilled. He feared that Russia’s transport system had developed and they could mobilize quicker, so when working out how the plan would be run - a plan that was possibly never meant to be run but which he decided to use anyway - he altered it slightly to weaken the west and reinforce the east. However, he ignored the supply and other problems which had been left due to the vagueness of Schlieffen’s plan, and felt he had a solution. Schlieffen had, possibly accidentally, left a huge time bomb in Germany which Moltke had bought into the house. World War One When war looked likely in 1914, the Germans decided to put the Schlieffen Plan into effect, declaring war on France and attacking with multiple armies in the west, leaving one in the east. However, as the attack went ahead Moltke modified the plan even more by withdrawing more troops to the east. In addition, commanders on the ground also veered away from the design. The result was the Germans attacking Paris from the north, rather then from behind. The Germans were halted and pushed back at the Battle of the Marne, Moltke was considered to have failed and replaced in disgrace. A debate over whether the Schlieffen Plan would have worked if left alone began within moments and has continued ever since. No one then realised how little planning had gone into the original plan, and Moltke was vilified for having failed to use it properly, whereas its probably right to say he was always onto a loser with the plan, but he should be vilified for trying to use it at all.

Conference wk 5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conference wk 5 - Coursework Example This information can be incorporated with intelligence service to provide ground onto which investigations about adversaries and malicious acts can be started. Information can also be used to make the people of the United States resilience. The information sharing strategy is faced with the challenge of the media through which the information can be passed (Purpura, 2007). This is because the cyberspace is believed to be a critical infrastructure faced with threats such as cybercrime. The accomplishment of the protection of critical infrastructure mission is meant to keep the information secure and private. The information must have the sender and the receiver. The receiver acts as the audience. The information must be directed to the right audience. The messages that are sent must be educative and informing. Homeland security department should then look for feedback from the audience. Feedback can then help the department know how to treat the information, the audience or the subjec t (Coppola, 2011). They can know whether or not it is corrupted. Homeland Security department affects the environmental justice through the impact of its operation, regulatory activities and through financial assistance to tribal, state and local governments. The operations made by Homeland Security department can sometimes affect the environment which could be the people, community, organizations and its partners. The cooperation of all the players is required to provide understanding of the mission (Coppola, 2011). Environmental justice can be provided through training and education on the known and unknown threats. For known disasters, Homeland Security, Energy and Justice Departments can launch campaign to train the public on how to deal with specific situations when they happen or before they happen. First responders are usually available to help where individuals and communities fail to deal with disasters (Purpura, 2007). Securing

Sport and recreation facilities in the UK Essay

Sport and recreation facilities in the UK - Essay Example The Council of Europe has defined sport as ‘all forms of physical activity, which through casual or organized participation aim at improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming relationships, or obtaining results in competitions at all levels’.The state itself accrues bigger sums each year, aimed at the development of such facilities; however, these facilities themselves are in greater demand at present, and among the reasons for such growing their popularity may be close interaction between the state and the society – while the state promotes the role of sport in the life of people, people themselves, understanding the increasing levels of fatal cases of heart and other diseases, join sports and try to lead active way of life. One of the directions of the Labor party’s policies was in promoting sports not only as the means of making the state respected in the world for its sport achievements, but mainly to make special stress that sport makes à ¢â‚¬Ëœsignificant difference to the life of individuals, communities and nation as a whole’ a number of the organizations, which deal with sports from the viewpoint of attracting individuals, grows annually, but one of the most prominent ones is Sport England; this organization has created a Strategic Alliance Team, which works in close cooperation with the government, promoting a number of initiatives, among which are ‘Physical activity and health’, ‘Community cohesion and sport’,   etc.... One of the directions of the Labor party's policies was in promoting sports not only as the means of making the state respected in the world for its sport achievements, but mainly to make special stress that sport makes 'significant difference to the life of individuals, communities and nation as a whole'. (Chandler, 2002) The amount of the organizations, which deal with sports from the viewpoint of attracting individuals, grows annually, but one of the most prominent ones is Sport England; this organization has created a Strategic Alliance Team, which works in close cooperation with the government, promoting a number of initiatives, among which are 'Physical activity and health', 'Community cohesion and sport', 'Neighbourhood renewal unit', etc. (Holt, 2002) For example, the organization actively cooperates with the British Heart Foundation, and as it is known, sports and heart diseases are closely connected, especially with such diseases now becoming the principal reasons of fatali ty among across all age groups. The organization actively promotes sport through public health messages, which also becomes one more reason for the more active development and higher popularity of the sport and recreational facilities in the UK. Bristol University is undertaking a comprehensive review on behalf of the Department of Health, which would underpin these messages The report willl focus on the scientific support for accumulated physical activity, ie 10 minutes chunks to build up to the government's 30 minutes five-times-a-week recommendation.This work will feed into that of the Activity Coordination Team (ACT), a cross-governmental group that works with a wide range of partners to develop a strategy to meet the Game Plan target of 70% of the population becoming

Introduction to the Jamaican Legal System Essay Example for Free

Introduction to the Jamaican Legal System Essay Legal Sources -Rules of law are derived from various sources in English Law. These include, The Constitution of Jamaica, legislation, judicial precedents, certain ancient textbooks among others. The Constitution of Jamaica: The Jamaican Constitution is the Supreme Law of the land of Jamaica and all other laws must conform with the Constitution or they will be struck down.1 In 2011 a new Charter of rights was passed by Parliament, known as The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (Constitutional Amendment) Act, 2010 This significantly changed Chapter III of the Constitution. â€Å"Traditional human rights protected by our old arrangements, such as the rights to life, liberty, property, freedom of conscience, expression and movement remain protected by the new Charter. Additionally, we now have constitutional rights to equitable and humane treatment by public authorities, not be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, social class or being male or female, to vote in free and fair elections and to be granted a passport. The latter goes hand in hand with the now constitutionally recognized right to leave the island, previously excluded. The Charter provides a number of more modern rights, including the right of every child to public primary education and the right to enjoy a healthy and productive environment free from the threat of injury or damage from environmental abuse and degradation of the ecological heritage. These seemingly ambitious rights are nonetheless enforceable by the Charters express provision for redress, not just against the state but also in citizen versus citizen litigation. Claims may be brought by the person aggrieved or by civic organizations with the permission of the court, where there is an allegation that any of the provisions of the Charter has been, is being or is likely to be contravened.† The Judiciary is the branch of government that is primarily responsible for interpreting the law. The Structure of the Jamaican Court System1 The Courts have been given the duty under the Constitution to examine activities undertaken by the State and determine if acts by the State through its various agents are inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore of no legal effect. Acts of Parliament are also subject to review by the Courts to see if there is any inconsistency with the Constitution. The Constitution of Jamaica provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court as a Court of Origination. Decisions of the Supreme Court upon appeal are heard by the Court of Appeal which is the highest Court physically located in Jamaica, however under the Constitution, the highest Court in the Jamaican Court Structure and the final Court of Appeal from decisions of the Court of Appeal is the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which is based in England. There are other Courts that are not created by the Constitution and have been created by Acts of Parliament. The Court System is looked at below. Petty Session The Petty Session Court is presided over by three Justices of the Peace. These are not Attorneys-at-Law. They preside over petty matters. These include pickpocketting, common assault and use of indecent language.

The Path to Knowledge :: Philosophy Papers

The Path to Knowledge Recent ethnographies suggest that tribal cosmologies address topics of philosophical relevance and offer valuable insights into the nature of perennial philosophical problems. For example, while postmodern and feminist thought has argued that the verification of knowledge is directly related to political interests, I argue that there are other vantage points not related to such interests that serve as valuable measures for the acceptance of knowledge. Direct empirical verification of the ontological presuppositions that govern the assessment of anthropos in the context sub species aeternitatis empowers an individual to understand his or her role within culture as well. The methodological bounty described in ethnography signals for philosophers to question the categorization of transcendence merely as 'religious experience.' This paper argues that humans may have the capacity both to recognize the divine and to give objective descriptions through symbols and language which allow for t he development of methodologies in order to access that knowledge at will. Many postmodern and feminist thinkers place knowledge into the domain of politics and power. Such insights allow for the deconstruction of social realities and for postulating democratic principles in accepting multicultural philosophies. The recognition of form, however, cannot substitute for content. The educative function of politics reveals important insights into the human condition and allows one, for example, to see postmodernity in the context of historical events, such as the resourceful relationship between reason and capitalism, the transition from living law to positive law (cf. Northrop 1960), and the shaping of thought through liberalism and nihilism. An important feature of postmodern thought is its acceptance of multiplicities of viewpoints. By entertaining disparate claims for truth that originate in diverse methodological and historical origins, postmodernitsts learn to employ creative strategies to solve conceptual disjunctions much like anthropologists must learn to cope with the collapse of their worldviews when 'going native.' Such experiences, however, can be fertile ground wherein new scientific methodologies might have a chance to blossom. A recent study on tribal epistemologies (Wautischer 1998) demonstrates a type of understanding that stands outside the methodological scope of naturalistic observation. The exploration of human consciousness beyond linguistic thought will caution any philosopher to claim that behavior and intelligence can be understood by referring to deterministic principles. In this context, philosophical discourse continues to fulfill a vital role in educating humanity. It is misleading to assume that philosophical inquiry is primarily a political enterprise. Rather, a philosophical sense of wonder gives value and respect to diversity, gives empathy for other human beings, and concern for other life forms.

Catholic and Jewish Rituals Stemming from Sacred Texts

In the last few thousand years, various religions have made the choice to record their various stories and teachings, to eliminate the â€Å"Chinese Whispers† effect that alters the details of these important themes. These writings are often utilised by those who follow the religion as a reference point to base their rituals on. The monotheistic religions of Christianity, more specifically Catholicism, and Judaism are both largely founded in their respective sacred texts and rely on these as a story to live by that guides and directs them through their ritualistic lives.Some rituals comprised from elements in religious texts are the community worship, a day of rest and the use of bread as a spiritual symbol. The form of community worship used by Catholics is the mass. Traditionally, it occurs on Sunday morning, and it attended by the Catholics of the community (The Catholic Archdiocese of Perth, 2008). However, in more modern times, it is only the more devoted worshippers that regularly attend mass at a cathedral/church/chapel. Within the mass are many rituals comprised from bible stories, such as the reciting of the Our Father.It is in the bible when Jesus is asked how to pray by his disciples, Luke 11: 1-13 (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004). It was here that the Messiah first prayed the most well known Catholic prayer, which is used routinely by not only Catholics, but all of Christianity. The recording of this incidence in the scared text provides a reference point for the ritual of prayer in Catholicism. Jewish peoples attend the Synogogue, where they also pray as a community. This community is split, men and women must worship separately, as combining the two genders will cause a distraction and reduce the focus the individuals may place on their prayer (Chabad. rg, 2012. During the time that is spent in the Synagogue, ritual dictates that the Torah is read at various points throughout. The Torah is made up of the five books of Moses, as it is said t hat on Mount Sinai, God tells him what to record. Among these books, are the 613 commandments. The most famous of these are referred to by the Jewish people as the 10 Statements (BBC, 2009), while Catholics name them as the 10 Commandments, as they place less importance on the other 603 than the Jewish people do.The day of rest used by Catholics originated in the book of Genesis, where it is stated that God rested on the seventh day and sanctified it (Genesis 2:2) (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004). In present times this has been adapted to the expression, â€Å"Even God rested on the seventh day,† reinforcing the theory that this ritual of rest is still observed in modern times even by those who do not follow the religion. This day of rest is called the Sabbath and happens every Sunday. Catholics take this to mean that if even God had to rest on the seventh day, so should they.Those in Judaism also have the day of rest for the same reason, thought the scripture reference diffe rs though they call it the Shabbat and it happens from Friday at sundown to Saturday at sundown. During this time, they must fast and everyday chores and work are not executed (Judaism 101, 2011). Despite both rituals both being derived from the same text, they have branched throughout time to form the state they are both currently in, thanks to the numerous influences that have been placed on each. While, in one sense it could be said these originated from the same ‘book’, this is incorrect.Both of this sacred days began due to the direction God gave in the creation story, however, the two religions have significant difference in their sacred texts. From a Catholic perspective the story begins in Genesis 2: 1-3 (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004), though a Jewish person would it is in Bereshit 2: 1-3. These are the same stories, being told under different names – Bereshit being one of five books of the Jewish Torah (Volker Doorman, 2008) and Genesis being one of si xty-six books in the Catholic Bible.In Catholicism, bread is used in the Eucharist in memory of the Last Supper (Luke 22: 1-23) (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004), when Jesus gave the bread of his body and wine of his blood to his apostles to symbolise giving himself to them, as he would be the next day when he was crucified. This meal was made immortal in the painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, which is known to most of the Western World. The current significance of this painting commemorates the importance of that night to Catholic peoples.However, the bread is used on Judaism for an entirely different reason, during the Passover/Pesach (Exodus 12/ Sh’mot 12). During this time, they may not eat anything leavened, as is set out in Leviticus 23:5 (The Catholic Youth Bible, 2004). The unleavened bread, which is usually braided to form a pattern in the bread, is the only bread that they are allowed to consumed in this time. The Passover meal has enormous significance to the Jewish and Christian peoples, it marks the time that the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt by the 10 plagues sent by God.The most well known of these plagues was one that killed the first-born of the Egyptian families. The name comes from the presence of the lamb’s blood on the door, which alerted the spirit that it was not an Egyptian inside, but an Israelite – therefore it must ‘pass over’ that dwelling (Historic Jesus). The various aforementioned rituals, comprised from elements in religious texts are community worship, a day or rest and the use of bread as a spiritual symbol.They are all used by the monotheistic religions of Christianity, more specifically Catholicism, and Judaism – founded in their respective sacred texts and partially reliant on these stories as a guide and to provide direction to them through their ritualistic lives. Without the sacred texts, these religions would lack the structured way that they now operate and the true meaning of the stories would be lost among the many different tales.

Greys Anatomy

Sharon Lan ENG 104 Terry Bening 22 May 2012 The Anatomy of Grey When times get tough and the only way to survive is to keep fighting, there are two choices: either you sink or you swim. At least that’s the mentality that belongs to the young, soon-to-be medical doctors in the 2005 TV series Grey’s Anatomy.Already having 8 seasons of surgical miracles, everlasting camaraderies, problematic love triangles, and life-threatening decisions, Grey’s Anatomy portrays a â€Å"dramedy† which focuses on a highly intellectual group of interns, residents, and attendings that strive to one-up each other in order to rank as the best, save the lives of patients, and keep the reputation of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital. Nonetheless, many of the characters constantly struggle to keep up with these responsibilities because of the difficulties in keeping their personal and professional lives apart.Of this group of surgeons, Grey’s Anatomy mainly revolves its plotli ne around the main character and protagonist Meredith Grey who is initially introduced as a young intern who is consistently expected to live up to her mother’s legacy. The show also introduces Isobel Stevens, Derek Shepard, Preston Burke, her mother Ellis Grey and many of the other doctors that Meredith works with. Ellis Grey, who was a world-renowned surgeon, never believed that Meredith had the capability of being good enough to succeed as a surgeon.Trying to deviate away from only being known as â€Å"Ellis Grey’s daughter†, Meredith, throughout the series, continues to find her strengths and weaknesses as she proves to herself and everyone else that she can ultimately become an even greater surgeon than her mother was. Grey’s Anatomy is truly an inspiring television drama that serves as a positive influence among its viewers. By illustrating the realities of life, this show motivates others to cling onto hope in times of desperation, to see mistakes as a part of life, to forgive and forget, and lastly to deal with life’s unexpected surprises.Grey’s Anatomy has a positive influence among its viewers because it essentially portrays that anybody can get through their hardships with the right amount of hope. Dr. Isobel Stevens in the episode â€Å"A Change Is Gonna Come† states, â€Å"It's not childish to hold on to hope. It's actually hard, very, very, hard. † In the show another one of Meredith’s coworkers, Dr. Isobel Stevens, also known as Izzie, represents one of the biggest believers of hope on Grey’s Anatomy.After she discovers that she’s diagnosed with Stage IV metastatic melanoma, which is a common form of skin cancer, Izzie switches from being a doctor at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital to being a patient with only a 5% chance of surviving with her condition. However, knowing that her survival rate was slim, Izzie worked up the courage to ask Dr. Derek Shepard, head of neu rosurgery, to operate on her tumor and in the end her surgery was a success.Another example of how hope is seen in this show is when Meredith Grey is accidently pushed off the ledge into the ocean and struggles to reach the surface of the water yet tries to drown at the same time. Meredith’s mother, Ellis Grey quotes in the episode â€Å"Some Kind of Miracle†, â€Å"I raised you to be an extraordinary human being, imagine my disappointment when I wake up after 5 years and discover that you’re no more than ordinary. † With her mother’s harsh words continually repeating in her head, Meredith initially gives up and loses hope.While flat lining in the hospital, Meredith wakes up in her â€Å"afterlife† and discovers that her mother only called her ordinary so that she would always try to be the best. In the scene of the afterlife, her mother tells Meredith to â€Å"keep going† and reassures her that she’s â€Å"anything but ordina ry†. Ultimately Meredith regains her hope and uses the reassuring words from her mother to find her breath. Grey’s Anatomy shows that in times of desperation and hardships, all you need to do is cling onto hope. The show also illustrates the truth of realities by portraying that mistakes are simply a part of life.Exemplifying in the show that mistakes happen, Dr. Izzie Stevens follows her instincts and cuts Denny Duquette’s (a patient she fell in love with) LVAD wire with intent to move him up the heart donor list. At first with his condition, Denny is moved up the list; however, his condition quickly begins to worsen which causes him to die. Ultimately regretting what she had done, Izzie blames herself for what had happened to the man she loved. In addition, another example representing that mistakes are a part of life is shown when Dr. Derek Shepard made an honest mistake in surgery resulting in the death of a man’s wife.In the episode â€Å"An Honest M istake† the husband snaps at Derek quoting, â€Å"Stop saying you’re sorry, you killed her, you’re a murderer†¦ † Being accused for an accidental mistake, Derek ultimately decides to take a leave from being a doctor because he discovers that the number of the patients he’s saved was significantly lower than the lives he killed unintentionally. Grey’s Anatomy displays that no matter how hard we try to avoid them, mistakes are simply just a part of life. â€Å"We have to make our own mistakes. We have to learn our own lessons. We have to sweep today's possibility under tomorrow's rug until we can't anymore.Until we finally understand for ourselves what Benjamin Franklin meant. That knowing is better than wondering†¦ And that even the biggest failure, even the worst most intractable mistake, beats the hell out of not trying† (Meredith Grey in â€Å"If Tomorrow Never Comes†). Grey’s Anatomy also teaches a valuable l esson to forgive and forget the people who have done us wrong. In some episodes, specifically â€Å"The Heart of the Matter†, we can see not only betrayal among friends but also among family; however, the show portrays that in the end, wrongdoings are ultimately forgiven.Meredith’s relationship with her father, Thatcher Grey, was torn apart when he walked out of her life when she was 5 years old. Having no respect for her, he slaps Meredith in front of her coworkers because of a complication in surgery that led to the death of her stepmother. Only seeming to come back for medical needs, Thatcher one day comes to the hospital begging Meredith to donate a portion of her liver to him because his alcoholism makes him unable to be put on the donor list.The show ultimately shows that having the strength to forgive people who have done us wrong and forget the past is one of the realities in life that we must face. Meredith eventually agrees to help her father out and essentia lly releases all the grudges that she had. â€Å"Forgive and forget†¦When someone hurts us, we want to hurt them back. When someone wrongs use we want to be right. Without forgiveness old scores are never settled, old wounds never heal and the most we can hope for is that one day we’ll be lucky enough to forget†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Meredith Grey).Last but not least, Grey’s Anatomy professes that life has a way of steering us in directions that we don’t want to take, but the only way to react to life’s unexpected surprises is to deal with them. In the episode â€Å"Deny, Deny, Deny†, Meredith Grey quotes, â€Å"Sometimes reality has a way of sneaking up and biting us in the ass. † The whole show portrays a message that the most ironic and unforeseen situations can happen to just about anybody. Ellis Grey’s life, along with everybody’s lives, was altered when they found out that the world’s most renowned surgeon had Alzhei mer’s and could no longer share her medical knowledge.Furthermore, after being shot in his arm, Dr. Preston Burke, known as the countries most prestigious cardiothoracic surgeon, discovered that his injury caused a hand tremor, which causes his hand to shake thus making him unsteady to perform surgery. In the end, his condition led him to take an absence of leave from being a doctor and ultimately his life steered onto a different path. â€Å"Bones break. Organs burst. Flesh tears. We can sew the flesh, repair the damage, [and] ease the pain. But when life breaks down, when we break down, there's no science, no hard and fast rules. We just have to feel our way through. Meredith Grey mentions in the episode â€Å"Here Comes the Flood†, that life can throw anything at us and the only way to survive through it is to deal with it. All in all, Grey’s Anatomy serves as a positive impact on society in which it teaches us about the realities of life. This inspiring sho w portrays that having enough hope and faith will help us survive during tough times and it also motivates viewers to view mistakes as lessons to be learned. Through all the hardships of life, the show also demonstrates the importance of forgiveness and to never to give up no matter what direction life takes us.Grey’s Anatomy illustrates the truths of life by implying that we shouldn’t always expect happy endings and easy pathways because the people that endure through the toughest struggles are the ones who are the happiest. Works Cited Grey, E. (Performer) (2007). Some kind of miracle [Television series episode]. In Rhimes, S. (Executive Producer), Grey’s Anatomy. Stevens, I. (Performer) (2007). A change is gonna come [Television series episode]. In Rhimes, S. (Executive Producer), Gre'ys Anatomy. The Mark Gordon Company. Grey, M. (Performer) (2005).Deny,deny,deny [Television series episode]. In Rhimes, S. (Executive Producer), Gre'ys Anatomy. The Mark Gordon Company. Grey, M. (Performer) (2008). Here comes the flood [Television series episode]. In Rhimes, S. (Executive Producer), Gre'ys Anatomy. The Mark Gordon Company. Shepard, D. (Performer) (2009). An honest mistake [Television series episode]. In Rhimes, S. (Executive Producer), Grey’s Anatomy. The Mark Gordon Company. Stevens, I. (Performer) (2007). A change is gonna come [Television series episode]. In Rhimes, S. (Executive Producer), Grey’s Anatomy. The Mark Gordon Company.

Los Alamos Fires

Los Alamos Fires Executive SummaryThis report is about the Los Alamos prescribed forest fires. May 4, 2000 the Bandilier National monument superintendent ordered a prescribed fire. This particular fire got out of hand and ended up burning the town of Los Alamos. In this report I tell about who ordered the fire, and what exactly was lost because of the fire. There are also a few paragraphs on alternative methods to prescribed burns; which are timber harvesting and mechanical thinning.Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . .pg 1Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg 2Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg 2Why it was Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Controlled burning 1. pg 2Who's to Blame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg 3Where it Spread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pg 3What was Destroyed. . . . . . . . . . . . . pg 3Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pg 4IntroductionA prescribed fire also called a prescribed burn is a method of getting rid of unwanted brush in forestlands. Pres cribed fires have been used for many years. They have some significant value, such as the brush enriches the ground after being burned. On the other hand sometimes a prescribed burn can get out of control and burn other things that were not supposed to be burned.ProblemOn May 4, 2000 Roy Weaver,

Volcanos Essays - Volcanology, Volcano, Types Of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanos Essays - Volcanology, Volcano, Types Of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanos Volcanos occur all over the world.The best know volcano zones occur on the destructive plate margin around the Pacific Ring of Fire.This chain of volcanos that lie along the west coast of central and south America,Japan and the Philippines,across New Zealand and into the Atlantic.Volcanos also occur in mid-ocean along the line of ocean ridges.The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ocean floor volcanos.When these volcanos erupt lava flows from the cracks building up the ocean floor.Volcanos can also occur away from plate boundaries.These are the Hawaiian Volcanos.As you can see there are lots of places were volcanos occur.Sometimes these volcanos are where humans have settled.To help protect our belongings and save human lives we have developed ways to predict when volcanos are about to erupt.Here are some. Predictions Two main methods are used to predict when volcanos are about to erupt.These methods are called geophysical techniques,and chemical techniques. The geophysical method can detect any changes in the rock below.As the magma rises it forces the rocks apart,Which can create minor earthquakes on and or around the mountain.These can be detected on a seismographs.A seismograph picks up the seismic waves the earthquake gives off and records them.A seismograph works by a pen and a weight suspended on a spring.As the earth shakes the pen writes the waves,called a seismogram,on a revolving drum.A comparison can be used.They take two or more seismographs readings to pin point exactly where the magma is trying to surface.This technique is successful in Hawaii where they are a lot of volcanos.The place and the time of eruptions have been forecast accurately.Before a volcano is about to explode the ground around it swells with magma.This causes the ground to start to tilt.The tilt can be measured by an instrument called a tiltmeter.Two containers are half filled with water.And a tube connects the two.As magma rises and changes the a! ngle of the earth.Water goes into the lower container.Scientist can tell if the volcano is getting more active.When magma moves its gravity changes.This change in gravity can be detected by using gravimeters.When rock is heated to a certain temperature.It looses its magnetism.And this can be detected with a magnetometer.When magma rises to the surface it gives off heat.This heat can be detected with a intfa-red temperature surveys.Sometimes chemical methods are used.They measure the volcanic gases at hit springs and at fumaroles which are openings in the ground were gases escape from.Just before a volcano is about to erupt there is an increase in certain gases.These gases are chlorine compounds,sulphor oxides,carbon dioxide,hydrogen, and radon. Damages When a volcano erupts huge amounts of lava are spewed out of the volcano.These huge flows of lava can wipe out towns.This type of volcanic eruption is called Hawaiian.These volcanos put on fire shows .They are rarely violent or explosive ,because the lava is fluid enough to let the gases escape easily.The lava flows out of boccas.These volcanos are not really dangerous.But they can cause alot of damage if people or buildings get in its way.A strombolian eruptions are more violent producing a lot thicker lava.Because the lava is thicker the gas can not escape easily from it making the lava hostile.The plinain eruptions ar the most dangerous .They hurl huge amounts of pumice as high as fifty kilometers into the atmosphere.Then is ash falls over wide areas.Then this is followed by pyoclastic flows,where hot gases and ash pour out of the vent.These flows rush across the landscape ,burning and burying anything in its path.This is the eruption that happened to Mount St. Helen in th! e U.S.A. Wisps of steam were coming out of the vents on the side of the mountain.During a period of several weeks a three hundred foot high wedge shaped bulge developed on the south side of the mountain as a result of rock and ice being pushed up.There were gaping cracks in the glaciers.They were gray with a dusting in volcanic ash.Weeks later the bulge blew sending ash and mud slides down the mountain wiping any thing that got in its way.The eruption cause a lot of damage.It created the worlds biggest clear cut.Two hundred and thirty square miles of trees lay in a tangled mess after the eruption.But people were trying to save as much

Using adsorbing process to capture CO2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Using adsorbing process to capture CO2 - Essay Example International and domestic policies and legislation require industrial plants with significant CO2 emissions to install carbon capture and storage technologies to immobilize carbon dioxide from the input and output/flue gases (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2008). Carbon dioxide can be captured before and after the combustion of the fossil fuels. The first step is to separate CO2 from the other gases in the mixture (called flue gases) using several techniques (Figure 1). The basis of the techniques is to trap or immobilize carbon dioxide on special surfaces or by dissolution in special solvents. The immobilized CO2 is then concentrated and/or contained, followed by transport through pipelines to storage facilities, mostly deep geologic formations (Metz, Davidson, de Coninck, Loos, & Meyer, 2007). In fossil fuel plants, the most common technique used is the absorption of carbon dioxide using chemical and physical means. Other methods are adsorption on solid surfaces, use of low temperatures (cryogenics), membranes and microbial systems. Adsorption is gaining users as new innovations become available. In industrial plants, adsorption is commonly used to remove impurities from gas mixture streams as in hydrogen-rich gases resulting from gasification and steam reforming during ammonia synthesis (John Mathey Catalysts, 2010). In the adsorption process, the gas mixture is introduced or passed through a bed of solids that selectively adsorbs CO2, allowing the other gases to just pass through. When the adsorbent bed is fully saturated with CO2, the feed gas is redirected to a clean adsorption bed, while the loaded bed is regenerated to remove the CO2. This is the basic adsorption process. After the adsorbing process, the adsorbed compounds should undergo desorption, or the process of removing the compounds from the adsorbing surface. The process of desorption should also regenerate the adsorbent material. For regeneration of the

Symphony Number 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symphony Number 6 - Essay Example There were also periods where the focused instrument was of a low note. This, I think, suggested apathy, boredom or relaxation. The focus on the different instruments, giving each equal times of attention, made a variety of emotions. I liked this part the most because of the roller coaster of emotions. Especially because it captivates you from the slow and soft start to the faster and more forceful finish. The Das Lied von der Erde was of a different flavor. The melody gave a sad, tragic and sometimes scary feeling which was reinforced by the poem Das Trinklied vom Jammer. The harmony, which I observed had longer and more dragging notes, was matched with the sad poem to create despair. The slower tempo I felt was intended to give a sinking feeling. The start was with a more calm yet sad which was slowly built up to give the intense hurt. This hurt was better felt because of the stress the sudden change in dynamics. It was a different feeling than that of Le Matin but I say of equal beauty.

Personal development planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal development planning - Essay Example In addition, it motivates a positive attitude towards learning (Healey, Pawson & Solem 2013, p.141). This paper will discuss personal development planning and the importance of various aspects of a student’s life. Interpersonal skills are the evaluation of how masterful an individual is in interacting with others. Interpersonal skills are qualities, common sense, concrete and positive encounters to assist a student to become responsible and caring adults. The interpersonal competencies are necessary for the preparation of students to for the workplace. The interpersonal skills are developed through connecting with others, for instance, socialising with peers, interacting with family members and going to school. The interpersonal skills are critical to solving a dispute with others and minimise stress, promote intimacy and enhance joy. In addition, the skills improve communication, expand comprehension and help to solve disputes (Dyson & Casey 2012, p. 5). The presentation skill is the ability of a student to deliver information while at the same time attaining a maximum influence. Presentations in a students’ life are crucial in assisting them to gain and develop a hob after university. From the working life perspective, presentation skills are essential to individual prosperity, for example, reporting to superiors, sales and training. Presentation skills such as being a fine public speaker build confidence in students that can be expressed in areas of personal and business life. From social life point of view, a god presenter is perceived to have more authority compared to their colleagues (Lee-Davies & Bailey 2007, p 132). Communication skill is the capability to pass on information efficiently and effectively to another. The communication skills assist students to convey details distinctly on emotional and intellectual degrees. A student can describe concepts clearly and have the potential to raise questions in order to refine other

Finchley Central Essay Example for Free

Finchley Central Essay There is a selection of good transport links available in Finchley Central. The evidence of this point is shown in [Graph 7], which shows West Finchley census data; on the mode of transport people use to travel to work. The most common form of transport is the underground, which can mean that there can be many potential customers from the underground station as a lot of employed people would be leaving the station to go home in Finchley Central; thus meaning that they could stop off at Coffee Republic to get a beverage. This can mean locating near to the train station, customers can be targeted strategically. Furthermore, Coffee Republic is able to promote their products through advertising at these train stations and bus stops, so they are able to gain passing trade in the form of people exiting the train station, going home in Finchley Central. Also, transportation links could result in Coffee Republics suppliers may not be able to deliver goods efficiently. This demonstrates the idea of a sound business decision to locate here due to the amount of prospective customers they can gain, and the amount of transport links that can cause deliveries to be made on time. Another argument for, is the fact that Finchley Central has a large working population; 71% of all residents in Finchley Central, are in someway economically active [Table 5]. 18% of which are in Class A, of the socio-economic classification, which shows that they are in high paid jobs such as lawyers, judges etc. Also, the majority of the population are in Class B, so they would also be earning a relatively high amount of income, they would usually be in jobs such as teachers, solicitors etc, [Table 6]. This can mean that a lot of the population in Finchley Central would have a lot of disposable income to spend on the luxury products that Coffee Republic offer. However, a counter-argument for this point is that a large population can in fact lead to a shortage of labour, which can mean that when looking for staff, they may need to resort to looking at local schools and colleges to find staff, as they can hire minors like these, for cheap wages to work part-time. But, this doesnt necessarily mean that these workers will be skilled, so on-the-job training will need to be provided, which will then increase business costs. However, it can mean that staff can gain skills over time, which means that operations on the shop floor can be more efficient. Opportunities:- An argument for, to do with an opportunity is the fact that a joint venture can be done be done with Tesco, so that both businesses can win. A deal can be done between both businesses, as the probable locations where this Coffee Republic can locate are within the vicinity of Tesco. The proposed deal can be that if a customer shows Coffee Republic a Tesco receipt on the same day, it means that the customer can get half price off coffee, this way both businesses can win, as both can get trade from customers. From my data, the majority of people in Finchley Central are willing to pay [Graph 3], this means that people do not necessarily want an extremely high price or low price for their coffee, this amount is a very respectable amount, and if this venture is completed, it will mean customers will pay 75-99p. This seems like a low amount, but this sales promotion will attract a lot of customers, so there is likely to be a rise in sales and ultimately, a profit. This illustrates the idea of a sound business decision as both businesses earn customers, and will help to increase the popularity for both firms and could earn Coffee Republic a profit. A final opportunity and argument for, is the fact that competition can be eliminated easily due to Coffee Republics reputable name. According to my data [Graph 4], the most popular coffee shop that people prefer a Costa shop, followed by a local. However, there are no large competitors in the area such as Costa [data from upmystreet], there are only small scale competitors, mainly local cafs. However the data from peoples feedback shows that people like the local caf, so people may not want to buy from a branded franchise like Coffee Republic. But, this may not be the case, as Coffee Republic is likely to eliminate such small scale competition, due to its reputable name, so it will attract many customers that would go to the local cafs. This would then increase Coffee Republics sales and as competition gets wiped out, market share will increase. This indicates the idea of a sound business decision, as Coffee Republic is almost guaranteed to get a lot of customers, as the affluent are a of Finchley Central doesnt have a proper coffee shop; its an untapped market, which will mean that it will be easy to wipe out any probable competition. Arguments against locating in Finchley Central:-Â  Weaknesses:Â  An argument against, which is a weakness, is the fact that the credit crunch has cut peoples spending on indulgences such as what Coffee Republic has to offer. This is best reflected in the interview which I conducted, [refer to interview], where a owner gave us his first hand view of what has happened to its sales in this economic dilemma. The owner stated that recently, maybe as a result of the credit crunch, its very quiet. Instead of buying two cups of coffee with a snack or meal they are buying a single. This shows that the credit crunch may have hit hard on the Finchley Central population, as the owner stated that its much quieter since the credit crunch has happened. A counter-argument which can solve this issue is something that another big branded coffee franchise has initiated. Starbucks has issued free refills on their coffee due to the credit crunch. This could be something that Coffee Republic can initiate if they want to beat the credit crunch, and retain their customers. This would not be a sound business decision, as the people who are affected by the credit crunch may not want to pay the high price for the quality products that Coffee Republic provide, so they may not have as many customers as they would want. Recommendation:- Finchley Central is a well off area brimming with a lot of potential and in my opinion, a sound business decision to set up a new Coffee Republic franchise there. It is an area with a very affluent community and has great transport links making the accessibility high; because it is close to the motorways, it can ensure that efficient deliveries are made. Taking into account all the research which I have done, I would conclude that Finchley Central is a very good location to set up a Coffee Republic, however there are many potential exact locations where it can be set up in Finchley Central. A potential site for a new Coffee Republic would be inside Tescos. Tescos is one of the most leading supermarkets in the UK; they have a large customer base ranging between all ages. By locating inside the Tesco store, the two businesses can undergo a joint venture, which I already have mentioned in my evaluation; show Coffee Republic a Tescos receipt and get half price off a standard cup of coffee. If a Coffee Republic were to open in Tescos it is likely that people would buy Coffee whilst shopping or after shopping. However, the initial costs for opening up the new franchise in Tescos will be considerably more than if it opened up elsewhere. Also, placing a Coffee Republic inside the UKs leading supermarket would cost a lot. Tescos may have to negotiate a fair share of the profits made by Coffee Republic. By looking at my secondary data from the West Finchley Census, I can see that the majority of residents in Finchley Central, travel to work using the underground [Graph 7]. Consequently, the location of a Coffee Republic inside Finchley Central underground tube station could be a sound business idea. By locating in the station, there is a possibility of applying for a government grant. Due to the credit crunch and economic downturn, creating jobs is something that the government would want big companies like Coffee Republic to do; this would increase the chance of Coffee Republic getting a grant. On the other hand, by locating inside the tube station, Coffee Republic would be narrowing down their potential market, as it may not be seen inside the tube station; they wouldnt have a lot of scope for customers. But a counter-argument for this is that, hundreds of people use the underground each day, so its likely that Coffee Republic may pick up some customers, as commuters enter and exit the tube station. The final option is to locate on Station Road which is close to Finchley Central station. In my opinion this where Coffee Republic should locate. The site at the moment is vacant and is situated close to potential customers such as offices, banks etc. The advantage of locating on Station Road is that it is of substantial size. If opened up on Station Road, they wouldnt have to pay money to other company, if they want to lease the building; it also has a large potential customer base. However, it may be more expensive setting up the new franchise on Station Road as opposed to inside the station or in Tescos. This is because this a hotspot as it is situated near to the main road, so there could be potential competition between firms for that spot. Nonetheless, I think that Coffee Republic should locate here due to the potential customer base, probability of joint ventures, and the size of the site.